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mind mapping

  • 1 Mind-Mapping

    n < psych> ■ mind mapping

    German-english technical dictionary > Mind-Mapping

  • 2 Mind Map™

    Gen Mgt
    a graphic tool that can be used to visualize and clarify thoughts or ideas. In a Mind Map, the central image or idea is drawn in the middle of a piece of paper with major branches radiating from it to denote related themes. Second and third levels of thought are connected by thinner branches. Mind Maps can include the use of color or pictures. Developed by Tony Buzan, the Mind Mapping technique can be used to introduce order and rationality to thought processes, and develop the creative, artistic, logical, and mathematical elements of the brain.

    The ultimate business dictionary > Mind Map™

  • 3 representación mediante mapas de cocitas

    (n.) = cocitation mapping, mind mapping
    Ex. The author takes the neuroscience research front on retrograde amnesia as an example to demonstrate the capabilities of cocitation mapping in combination with peer review.
    Ex. The author discusses the use of mind mapping in information work and examines the ability of students on an information literacy course to create mind maps of a search at different stages.
    * * *
    (n.) = cocitation mapping, mind mapping

    Ex: The author takes the neuroscience research front on retrograde amnesia as an example to demonstrate the capabilities of cocitation mapping in combination with peer review.

    Ex: The author discusses the use of mind mapping in information work and examines the ability of students on an information literacy course to create mind maps of a search at different stages.

    Spanish-English dictionary > representación mediante mapas de cocitas

  • 4 representación

    f.
    1 representation, behalf.
    2 performance, play, acting, interpretation.
    3 representation, mental picture.
    4 representation, picture.
    5 theatrical, performance, dramatic performance.
    * * *
    1 (gen) representation
    2 TEATRO performance
    \
    en representación de as a representative of, representing
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de concepto, idea, imagen] representation
    2) [de país, pueblo, organización] (=acto) representation; (=delegación) delegation

    en representación de: el abogado que actúa en representación del banco — the lawyer representing the bank

    me invitaron a ir en representación de la empresa — they invited me to go as a representative of the company, they invited me to go to represent the company

    representación diplomática — (=actividad) diplomatic representation; (=oficina) embassy

    representación legal — (=acto) legal representation; (=abogado) lawyer(s)

    la representación legal del acusado — (=acto) the defendant's legal representation; (=abogado) the lawyers representing the defendant, the defendant's lawyers

    3) (Teat) (=función) performance; (=montaje) production
    4) (Com) representation

    ha conseguido la representación de varias firmas farmacéuticas — he has managed to become an agent for various pharmaceutical companies, he has managed to obtain the representation of various pharmaceutical companies

    tener la representación exclusiva de un producto — to be sole agent for a product, have sole agency of a product frm

    5) † (=súplica)
    6) †† (=importancia) standing
    * * *
    1) ( acción)
    2) ( delegación) delegation
    3) (Teatr) performance, production
    4)
    a) ( símbolo) representation
    b) ( imagen) illustration
    c) ( muestra) sample
    * * *
    = map, mapping, picture, representation, typification, depiction, enactment, portrayal, embodiment, staging, simulacrum, re-enactment [reenactment], performance.
    Ex. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.
    Ex. Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.
    Ex. No pretence is made of their being either a balanced or complete picture of the article.
    Ex. An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex. Institutionalization occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typification of habitualized actions by types of actors.
    Ex. Miss Laski suggests that the depiction of life found in many novels is naive, over-simplified and, as a constant diet, can do more harm than good.
    Ex. To re-emphasize a point that cannot be over-emphasized: reading aloud to children of all ages is vital, if for no other reason, because this is the way we learn how to turn cold print into a dramatic enactment in the theater of our imagination.
    Ex. Pictorial sources are created by the portrayal of historical events or subjects using, inter alia, a paint brush, drawing-pen, or pencil, graphic techniques or the camera.
    Ex. At first, large public libraries organised readers' advisory services as the embodiment of library adult education.
    Ex. The author describes the success of a library in staging a series of music concerts as a public relations exercise.
    Ex. The author examines the history of the image, understood as personal simulacrum and cult object.
    Ex. And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.
    Ex. A miniature score is a musical score nor primarily intended for performance use, with type reduced in size.
    ----
    * acoger bajo la representación de Uno = bring under + Posesivo + umbrella.
    * en representación de = on behalf of [in behalf of; on + Nombre + behalf], in + Nombre + behalf [in/on behalf of].
    * falta de representación = under-representation [underrepresentation].
    * guión de representación teatral = scenario.
    * no tener representación = be unrepresented.
    * organismo que actúa en representación de otros = umbrella.
    * organización que actúa en representación de otras = umbrella organisation.
    * poder de representación = power of representation.
    * representación ante el juzgado = representation at tribunal.
    * representación bibliométrica = bibliometric mapping.
    * representación del contenido = content representation.
    * representación del contenido temático = subject representation.
    * representación de personas profanas en la materia = lay representation.
    * representación en bits = bit-map.
    * representación errónea = misrepresentation.
    * representación esquemática = schematic, rich picture.
    * representación gráfica = graphic display.
    * representación jerárquica = hierarchical display.
    * representación mediante diagramas = rich picture.
    * representación mediante mapas mentales = cocitation mapping, mind mapping.
    * representación óptica médica = medical imaging.
    * representación óptica por resonancia magnética = magnetic resonance imaging.
    * representación pictórica = pictorial representation.
    * representación proporcional = proportionate representation, proportional representation.
    * representación teatral = play performance, play making [play-making], stage show, theatrical performance.
    * ser la representación misma de = be a picture of.
    * sin representación = unrepresented.
    * visita de representación = sales call.
    * voto mediante representación = proxy vote.
    * * *
    1) ( acción)
    2) ( delegación) delegation
    3) (Teatr) performance, production
    4)
    a) ( símbolo) representation
    b) ( imagen) illustration
    c) ( muestra) sample
    * * *
    = map, mapping, picture, representation, typification, depiction, enactment, portrayal, embodiment, staging, simulacrum, re-enactment [reenactment], performance.

    Ex: A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.

    Ex: Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.
    Ex: No pretence is made of their being either a balanced or complete picture of the article.
    Ex: An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex: Institutionalization occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typification of habitualized actions by types of actors.
    Ex: Miss Laski suggests that the depiction of life found in many novels is naive, over-simplified and, as a constant diet, can do more harm than good.
    Ex: To re-emphasize a point that cannot be over-emphasized: reading aloud to children of all ages is vital, if for no other reason, because this is the way we learn how to turn cold print into a dramatic enactment in the theater of our imagination.
    Ex: Pictorial sources are created by the portrayal of historical events or subjects using, inter alia, a paint brush, drawing-pen, or pencil, graphic techniques or the camera.
    Ex: At first, large public libraries organised readers' advisory services as the embodiment of library adult education.
    Ex: The author describes the success of a library in staging a series of music concerts as a public relations exercise.
    Ex: The author examines the history of the image, understood as personal simulacrum and cult object.
    Ex: And literature is part of that essential human behavior; it engages us in pre-enactments and re-enactments.
    Ex: A miniature score is a musical score nor primarily intended for performance use, with type reduced in size.
    * acoger bajo la representación de Uno = bring under + Posesivo + umbrella.
    * en representación de = on behalf of [in behalf of; on + Nombre + behalf], in + Nombre + behalf [in/on behalf of].
    * falta de representación = under-representation [underrepresentation].
    * guión de representación teatral = scenario.
    * no tener representación = be unrepresented.
    * organismo que actúa en representación de otros = umbrella.
    * organización que actúa en representación de otras = umbrella organisation.
    * poder de representación = power of representation.
    * representación ante el juzgado = representation at tribunal.
    * representación bibliométrica = bibliometric mapping.
    * representación del contenido = content representation.
    * representación del contenido temático = subject representation.
    * representación de personas profanas en la materia = lay representation.
    * representación en bits = bit-map.
    * representación errónea = misrepresentation.
    * representación esquemática = schematic, rich picture.
    * representación gráfica = graphic display.
    * representación jerárquica = hierarchical display.
    * representación mediante diagramas = rich picture.
    * representación mediante mapas mentales = cocitation mapping, mind mapping.
    * representación óptica médica = medical imaging.
    * representación óptica por resonancia magnética = magnetic resonance imaging.
    * representación pictórica = pictorial representation.
    * representación proporcional = proportionate representation, proportional representation.
    * representación teatral = play performance, play making [play-making], stage show, theatrical performance.
    * ser la representación misma de = be a picture of.
    * sin representación = unrepresented.
    * visita de representación = sales call.
    * voto mediante representación = proxy vote.

    * * *
    A
    (acción): asistió en representación del Rey she attended as the King's representative
    en representación de mis compañeros on behalf of my companions
    B (delegación) delegation
    Compuestos:
    diplomatic representation
    proportional representation
    C ( Teatr) performance, production
    D
    1 (símbolo) representation
    la representación escrita de un sonido the written representation of a sound
    2 (imagen) illustration
    se hizo una representación mental de la escena she pictured the scene in her mind, she conjured up a mental picture of the scene
    3 (muestra) sample
    de su obra hay una escasa representación en nuestras pinacotecas there are few examples of his work in our galleries
    E
    ( Esp period) (categoría): [ S ] oficinas alta representación luxury office accommodation
    F representaciones fpl ( frml) (peticiones) representations (pl)
    hacer representaciones ante algn to make representations to sb
    * * *

     

    representación sustantivo femenino
    1 ( acción) representation;

    asistió en representación del Rey she attended as the King's representative;
    en representación de mis compañeros on behalf of my companions
    2 ( delegación) delegation
    3 (Teatr) performance, production
    4 ( símbolo) representation
    representación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una imagen, idea, etc) representation, illustration
    2 (de personas) delegation
    3 Teat performance
    4 Com dealership
    5 Pol representación proporcional, proportional representation
    ♦ Locuciones: en representación, as a representative o on behalf [de, of]
    ' representación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    delegación
    - espectáculo
    - figura
    - idea
    - ilusión
    - pintura
    - sentenciar
    - teatral
    - terráquea
    - terráqueo
    - dibujo
    - nombre
    English:
    command performance
    - depiction
    - deputize
    - expense
    - favourably
    - performance
    - portrayal
    - presentation
    - production
    - proportional representation
    - representation
    - spectacle
    - VDU
    - disenfranchise
    - proportional
    - under-
    * * *
    1. [símbolo, imagen, ejemplo] representation;
    no me hago una representación clara de lo que ocurrió I haven't got a clear picture of what happened;
    la paloma es una representación de la paz the dove is a symbol of peace
    2. [delegación] representation;
    en representación de on behalf of;
    acudió a la reunión en representación de sus compañeros he attended the meeting on behalf of his colleagues, he represented his colleagues at the meeting
    representación proporcional proportional representation
    4. Teatro performance;
    una obra de difícil representación a difficult play to perform;
    representación única one-night stand
    5. Com representation;
    tener la representación de to act as a representative for
    * * *
    f
    1 representation
    2 TEA performance
    :
    en representación de on behalf of
    * * *
    1) : representation
    2) : performance
    3)
    en representación de : on behalf of
    * * *
    1. (de una obra) performance
    2. (imagen, idea) symbol

    Spanish-English dictionary > representación

  • 5 mapa

    m.
    map.
    mapa físico geographic map
    mapa mudo blank map
    mapa político political map
    mapa del tiempo weather map o chart
    mapa topográfico contour map
    * * *
    1 map
    \
    borrar algo del mapa familiar to wipe something off, get rid of something
    hecho,-a un mapa familiar disfigured
    mapa del tiempo weather map
    mapa mudo blank map
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM ABR
    = Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación ≈ MAFF, ≈ USDA (EEUU)
    * * *

    desaparecer del mapa — to disappear off the face of the earth

    * * *
    = map.
    Nota: Representación plana, simplificada y convencional, de toda o una parte de la superficie terrestre o cualquier cuerpo celeste, con una relación de similitud proporcionada a la que se llama escala.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    ----
    * archivador de mapas = map cabinet, map chest.
    * basado en mapas = map-based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en los mapas = map librarianship.
    * colección de mapas = map collection.
    * elaboración de mapas = mapmaking.
    * hacer un mapa = map.
    * lectura de mapas = map-reading.
    * mapa a gran escala = large-scale map.
    * mapa cartográfico = chart.
    * mapa catastral = cadastral map.
    * mapa celeste = celestial chart.
    * mapa de carreteras = road map [roadmap].
    * mapa de citación = citation map.
    * mapa de citas = citation map.
    * mapa de cocitas = cocitation map.
    * mapa de la biblioteca = library map.
    * mapa del directorio = directory map.
    * mapa del servidor = site map.
    * mapa del tiempo = weather map.
    * mapa de navegación marítima = sea chart.
    * mapa de rutas = route map.
    * mapa en relieve = relief map.
    * mapa mental = mind map, rich picture.
    * mapa pictórico = pictorial map.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mapa sensitivo = image map, sensitive map.
    * mapa temático = topic map, topic map.
    * mapa topográfico = topographical map, topographic map.
    * mapa web = site map, Web map.
    * mediante mapas = map-based.
    * programas para la gestión de mapas = map software.
    * representación mediante mapas de cocitas = cocitation mapping.
    * representación mediante mapas mentales = mind mapping.
    * trazar un mapa = map.
    * * *

    desaparecer del mapa — to disappear off the face of the earth

    * * *
    = map.
    Nota: Representación plana, simplificada y convencional, de toda o una parte de la superficie terrestre o cualquier cuerpo celeste, con una relación de similitud proporcionada a la que se llama escala.

    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.

    * archivador de mapas = map cabinet, map chest.
    * basado en mapas = map-based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en los mapas = map librarianship.
    * colección de mapas = map collection.
    * elaboración de mapas = mapmaking.
    * hacer un mapa = map.
    * lectura de mapas = map-reading.
    * mapa a gran escala = large-scale map.
    * mapa cartográfico = chart.
    * mapa catastral = cadastral map.
    * mapa celeste = celestial chart.
    * mapa de carreteras = road map [roadmap].
    * mapa de citación = citation map.
    * mapa de citas = citation map.
    * mapa de cocitas = cocitation map.
    * mapa de la biblioteca = library map.
    * mapa del directorio = directory map.
    * mapa del servidor = site map.
    * mapa del tiempo = weather map.
    * mapa de navegación marítima = sea chart.
    * mapa de rutas = route map.
    * mapa en relieve = relief map.
    * mapa mental = mind map, rich picture.
    * mapa pictórico = pictorial map.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mapa sensitivo = image map, sensitive map.
    * mapa temático = topic map, topic map.
    * mapa topográfico = topographical map, topographic map.
    * mapa web = site map, Web map.
    * mediante mapas = map-based.
    * programas para la gestión de mapas = map software.
    * representación mediante mapas de cocitas = cocitation mapping.
    * representación mediante mapas mentales = mind mapping.
    * trazar un mapa = map.

    * * *
    map
    te hago un mapita I'll draw you a map
    estos cambios en el mapa político these changes in the political scene o landscape
    desaparecer del mapa to disappear off the face of the earth
    Compuestos:
    map o chart of the heavens
    road map
    world map, map of the world
    weather map o chart
    road map
    ( Inf) site map
    physical map
    ● mapa genético or génico
    genetic o gene map
    gene map
    relief map
    blank o skeleton map
    political map
    topographic map
    * * *

    mapa sustantivo masculino
    map;

    cambios en el mapa político changes in the political scene o landscape;
    desaparecer del mapa to disappear off the face of the earth
    mapa sustantivo masculino map
    mapa de carreteras, road map
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar borrar del mapa, to wipe out
    desaparecer del mapa, to vanish off the face of the earth

    ' mapa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acotar
    - desaparecer
    - desplegar
    - doblar
    - enrollada
    - enrollado
    - extendida
    - extendido
    - globo
    - isotérmica
    - isotérmico
    - itinerario
    - topográfica
    - topográfico
    - abrir
    - calcar
    - cuadriculado
    - exacto
    - extender
    - guiar
    - indicar
    English:
    contour map
    - demographic
    - face
    - large-scale
    - map
    - open out
    - roll up
    - route map
    - spread
    - unfold
    - weather map
    - road
    * * *
    mapa nm
    map;
    Fam
    desaparecer del mapa to vanish into thin air;
    Fam
    borrar algo del mapa to wipe sth off the map
    Informát mapa de bits bit map; Informát mapa de caracteres character map;
    mapa celeste celestial map;
    mapa físico physical map;
    mapa genético genetic map;
    Informát mapa interactivo [en página Web] clickable image map;
    mapa lingüístico linguistic map;
    mapa mudo blank map [without names of countries, cities, rivers etc];
    mapa político political map;
    mapa de relieve relief map;
    mapa del tiempo weather map;
    mapa topográfico contour map
    * * *
    m map;
    desaparecer del mapa fam disappear off the face of the earth
    * * *
    mapa nm
    carta: map
    * * *
    mapa n map

    Spanish-English dictionary > mapa

  • 6 mapa mental

    (n.) = mind map, rich picture
    Ex. The author discusses the use of mind mapping in information work and examines the ability of students on an information literacy course to create mind maps of a search at different stages.
    Ex. A rich picture is a pictorial representation of all the major activities in a system.
    * * *
    (n.) = mind map, rich picture

    Ex: The author discusses the use of mind mapping in information work and examines the ability of students on an information literacy course to create mind maps of a search at different stages.

    Ex: A rich picture is a pictorial representation of all the major activities in a system.

    Spanish-English dictionary > mapa mental

  • 7 построение ассоциаграмм

    General subject: mind mapping

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > построение ассоциаграмм

  • 8 Gedankenkartierung

    f:V < psych> ■ mind mapping

    German-english technical dictionary > Gedankenkartierung

  • 9 Gedankenplanung

    f:V < psych> ■ mind mapping

    German-english technical dictionary > Gedankenplanung

  • 10 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 11 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 12 correspondencia

    f.
    1 correspondence.
    2 correspondence (correo).
    mantengo correspondencia con ella she and I write to each other
    ¿te importaría recogerme mi correspondencia? would you mind picking up my post o (British) mail for me? (United States)
    3 connection.
    próxima estación, Sol, correspondencia con línea tres next stop Sol, change here for line three
    4 mail, letters, correspondence.
    * * *
    1 (gen) correspondence
    2 (cartas) post, US mail
    3 (de trenes etc) connection
    \
    mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with somebody
    curso por correspondencia correspondence course
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) correspondence, mail
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cartas) mail, post

    despachar la correspondencia — to deal with o attend to the mail

    2) (=relación por correo) correspondence
    3) [en el metro] connection

    "correspondencia con las líneas 3 y 5" — "change here for lines 3 and 5"

    4) (=relación recíproca) correspondence
    5) (Mat) correspondence
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( relación por correo) correspondence
    b) ( cartas) mail, post (BrE)
    2) ( equivalencia) correspondence
    3) ( en el metro) interchange
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( relación por correo) correspondence
    b) ( cartas) mail, post (BrE)
    2) ( equivalencia) correspondence
    3) ( en el metro) interchange
    * * *
    correspondencia1
    1 = match, consonance, correspondence.
    Nota: Relación.

    Ex: When documents relevant to a request have been located, a match has been achieved between the information requested and the information retrieved.

    Ex: The system is designed to ensure consonance between the indexer and the user.
    Ex: Throughout, the key issue addressed is the correspondence problem, ie how to associate visual events with words and vice versa.
    * correspondencia absoluta = perfect match.
    * correspondencia de rasgos = feature matching.
    * falta de correspondencia = mismatch.
    * guardar correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).
    * tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).

    correspondencia2
    2 = correspondence, mailing.

    Ex: Almost all papers, notes reviews, corrections and correspondence published in many scientific and other journals contain citations to associated works.

    Ex: Many publishers seem fixated on the term 'acquisitions librarian' for promotional mailings.
    * amigo por correspondencia = penfriend [pen-friend], pen-pal [penpal].
    * correspondencia comercial = business correspondence.
    * curso por correspondencia = correspondence course.
    * dirección para correspondencia = mailing address.
    * lista de correspondencia = mailing list.

    * * *
    A
    1 (relación por correo) correspondence
    mantenemos correspondencia we stay in contact o touch by letter, we keep up a correspondence ( frml)
    mantiene correspondencia con chicos extranjeros he corresponds with penfriends in other countries
    2 (cartas) mail, post ( BrE)
    abrir la correspondencia to open the mail o post
    despachar la correspondencia to deal with o attend to the mail o post
    correspondencia comercial business correspondence
    B
    1 (equivalencia) correspondence
    2 ( Mat) correspondence, mapping
    C (en el metro) interchange
    esta estación tiene correspondencia con la línea tres you can change to line three at this station
    * * *

     

    correspondencia sustantivo femenino

    ( cartas) mail, post (BrE);


    correspondencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (cartas) correspondence
    2 Ferroc connection
    ' correspondencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escribirse
    - estampar
    - señor
    - señora
    - Sres.
    - curso
    - desfase
    - despachar
    - Fdo
    - interceptar
    - mantener
    - relación
    English:
    correspondence
    - correspondence course
    - dear
    - fan mail
    - give
    - mail
    - correspond
    - first
    - pen pal
    * * *
    1. [relación] correspondence;
    no hay correspondencia entre la calidad y el precio there is no relation between the quality and the price
    2. [correo] correspondence;
    mantengo correspondencia con ella she and I write to each other;
    ¿te importaría recogerme mi correspondencia? would you mind picking up my Br post o US mail for me?
    3. [de metro, tren] connection;
    este tren tiene correspondencia con el de las 8 horas this train connects with the one at 8 o'clock;
    próxima estación, Sol, correspondencia con línea 3 next stop Sol, change here for line 3
    4. Mat correspondence
    * * *
    f
    1 correspondence
    2 TRANSP connection ( con with)
    * * *
    1) : correspondence, mail
    2) : equivalence
    3) : connection, interchange
    * * *
    1. (correo) correspondence / post
    ¿has recogido la correspondencia? have you collected the post?
    2. (relación) relation
    3. (transportes) connection

    Spanish-English dictionary > correspondencia

См. также в других словарях:

  • Mind-Mapping — Mind|map|ping, Mind Map|ping [ ma̮intmɛpɪŋ ], das; s [engl. mind mapping, aus: mind = Gedanken u. mapping = das Aufzeichnen, Darstellen]: Methode, Gedanken in Form von Schlagwörtern od. Bildern aufzuzeichnen, zu sammeln, zu ordnen u. zu gliedern …   Universal-Lexikon

  • Mind Mapping —   [dt. »Abbildung des Geistes/des Denkens«], eine Visualisierungstechnik, die bildhafte Darstellung eines Gedankengebäudes als eine Art »Landkarte«. Das zentrale Thema wird in die Mitte eines leeren Blattes geschrieben. Darum gruppieren sich die… …   Universal-Lexikon

  • mind mapping — noun A technique for stimulating and organizing one s thoughts by writing down key concepts and linking them with lines to show the relationships between them • • • Main Entry: ↑mind …   Useful english dictionary

  • Mind-Mapping — Assoziogramm über sich selbst (Mindmap) Ein Assoziogramm, auch Gedächtniskarte, Gedankenkarte oder Mindmap bzw. Mind Map (von engl.: mind map) genannt, ist eine besonders von Tony Buzan geprägte grafische Darstellung, die Beziehungen zwischen… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Mind Mapping — Assoziogramm über sich selbst (Mindmap) Ein Assoziogramm, auch Gedächtniskarte, Gedankenkarte oder Mindmap bzw. Mind Map (von engl.: mind map) genannt, ist eine besonders von Tony Buzan geprägte grafische Darstellung, die Beziehungen zwischen… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Mind mapping — Carte heuristique Une carte heuristique (mind map en anglais), également appelée carte des idées, carte conceptuelle, schema de pensée, carte mentale, arbre à idées ou topogramme, est un diagramme qui représente les connexions sémantiques entre… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • List of mind mapping software — Mind mapping software is used to create diagrams of relationships between ideas or other pieces of information. It has been suggested that the mind mapping technique can improve learning/study efficiency up to 15% over conventional note taking.… …   Wikipedia

  • List of concept- and mind-mapping software — Concept mapping and mind mapping software are used to create diagrams of relationships between concepts, ideas or other pieces of information. It has been suggested that the mind mapping technique can improve learning/study efficiency up to 15%… …   Wikipedia

  • Mind-Map — zum Thema Mind Mapping Eine Mind Map (englisch: mind map; auch: Gedanken[land]karte, Gedächtnis[land]karte) beschreibt eine besonders von Tony Buzan geprägte kognitive Technik, die man z. B. zum Erschließen und visuellen Darstellen eines… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Mind map — A hand drawn mind map A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea. Especially in British English, the terms spidergram and spidergraph are more common,[1]… …   Wikipedia

  • Mind Map — Assoziogramm über sich selbst (Mindmap) Ein Assoziogramm, auch Gedächtniskarte, Gedankenkarte oder Mindmap bzw. Mind Map (von engl.: mind map) genannt, ist eine besonders von Tony Buzan geprägte grafische Darstellung, die Beziehungen zwischen… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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